This Week, the Titanium Tetrachloride Market Remained Strong (March 18-22)
This Week, the Titanium Tetrachloride Market Remained Strong (January 1-5)
1. In coatings, talc powder is used as a filler, which can act as a skeleton, reduce manufacturing costs, and improve the film hardness of coatings. It is divided into transparent type and covering
Epoxy resin is a high molecular polymer with the molecular formula (C 11 H 12 O 3 ) n . It refers to a class of polymers containing more than two epoxy groups in the molecule. It is the condensation product of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A or polyol . Due to the chemical activity of the epoxy group , a variety of compounds containing active hydrogen can be used to open the ring and solidify and cross-link to form a network structure , so it is a thermosetting resin . Bisphenol A-type epoxy resin not only has the largest output and the most complete varieties, but also new modified varieties are still increasing, and the quality is constantly improving. Epoxy resin has secondary hydroxyl groups and epoxy groups , and the secondary hydroxyl groups can react with isocyanates . Epoxy resin is directly added as a polyol to the hydroxyl-containing component of the polyurethane adhesive . Using this method, only the hydroxyl group participates in the reaction, and the epoxy group fails to react. Use the carboxyl group of the acidic resin to open the epoxy ring, and then react with the isocyanate in the polyurethane adhesive . Epoxy resin can also be dissolved in ethyl acetate , phosphoric acid is added for heating reaction, and its adduct is added to the polyurethane adhesive, which can improve the initial tack, heat resistance , and hydrolysis stability of the adhesive. Alcoholamines or amines can also be used to react to generate polyols. The presence of tertiary nitrogen atoms in the adduct can accelerate the NCO reaction.
Automakers and the United Auto Workers union had lobbied DOE to soften its original petroleum equivalency factor rule. They argued that more aggressive targets would have required them to sell more EVs to meet stricter federal fuel economy standards amid uncertain demand, making it impossible to comply. Environmental groups, including the Natural Resources Defense Council and Sierra Club, asked the Biden administration for stricter MPGe standards in 2021, which had not been updated since 2000. “The automakers’ free ride is over,” said Pete Huffman, senior attorney at NRDC, in a statement. “This important update from the Department of Energy will curtail automakers’ use of phantom credits they used to keep selling gas guzzlers. They now need to hit the accelerator on more fuel-efficient vehicles, saving consumers money at the pump.” The Department of Transportation uses DOE’s petroleum equivalency factor to calculate MPGe and CAFE, which averages the fuel economy of all vehicles sold by a manufacturer. The old formula equated a battery-electric vehicle with a gas-powered car that gets 300 mpg. Under the new rule, however, an EV’s petroleum equivalency factor equals a gas vehicle that gets 106 mpg. The original proposal would have reduced it further to 84 mpg. “It looks like the administration changed course and adjustments to [the petroleum equivalency factor] will instead phase in over a number of years. That’s positive,’ said the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, which represents over 40 automakers, in a blog post Tuesday. The Detroit Three automakers and the UAW had been especially concerned about the rule because General Motors, Ford Motor Co. and Stellantis sell more light-duty trucks than other vehicle manufacturers, potentially exposing them to higher noncompliance penalties for CAFE violations. GM, Ford and Stellantis could have paid up to $10.5 billion in penalties for violating federal fuel economy standards, which would have comprised 76% of all such fines, according to the American Automotive Policy Council, an industry group representing the Detroit Three. The Environmental Protection Agency is set to finalize stricter emissions standards on Wednesday.
GKN Automotive’s former parent company, Melrose Industries, formed a new public company dubbed Dowlais. Melrose completed its demerger in April 2023, spinning off GKN Automotive, GKN Powder Metallurgy and GKN Hydrogen under Dowlais, while GKN Aerospace remains under Melrose Industries. Dowlais is independent from Melrose. “We have a clear strategy to create value for our stakeholders by: delivering industry leading financial performance; facilitating the world’s transition to electric vehicles through a portfolio of cutting-edge products; and accelerating growth through a disciplined M&A strategy,” Dowlais CEO Liam Butterworth said in an April 2023 press release. The Timberlake facility is the second North Carolina site GKN Automotive closed in the past year. The auto parts maker closed its facility in Sanford in March of last year, according to a WARN Act post.
For legacy automakers, collaborating with tech companies like Mobileye can speed up the development and rollout of software-powered technology, including more advanced automated driving systems. Just one in four automakers are fully prepared for software-defined vehicles, according to an AlixPartners survey in January. The same report found that Tier 1 suppliers must adapt to automakers’ needs as the industry pivots to building more software-defined vehicles. The Volkswagen Group has collaborated with Mobileye, owned by chipmaker Intel Corp., on autonomous driving technology since 2018. The technology supplier specializes in computer vision processing for highly automated driving functions and vehicle advanced driver assist systems, such as automatic emergency braking and lane centering control. As the companies develop more advanced driving systems, Mobileye will provide the automaker with production-ready technologies, including Level-2 automated driving capabilities. In 2026, the Volkswagen Group plans to add a Level-4 automated driving system to a version of the Volkswagen ID. Buzz electric van intended for commercial mobility and transportation services. “Our goal is to offer our customers throughout the world outstanding products with cutting-edge technology,” said Oliver Blume, CEO of the Volkswagen Group and Porsche AG, in a press release. “New automated driving functions will significantly boost convenience and safety.” In addition to working with Mobileye, the Volkswagen Group plans to collaborate with its other partners, including Bosch and Qualcomm, to further develop and refine software-based vehicles.
Stellantis plans to cut about 400 jobs among its nonunion engineering and software staff in the United States. The company provided a statement Friday that suggested a challenging industry picture as the reason. It said the cuts, which are separate from other reductions affecting union-represented workers announced in recent months, would be effective March 31. Stellantis owns the Jeep, Ram, Chrysler, Dodge and Fiat brands. “As the auto industry continues to face unprecedented uncertainties and heightened competitive pressures around the world, Stellantis continues to make the appropriate structural decisions across the enterprise to improve efficiency and optimize our cost structure. After rigorous organizational reviews, Stellantis confirms that we will reduce our engineering/technology and software organizations by about 2% in the U.S.,” according to the statement provided by spokeswoman Jodi Tinson.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein (acute protein) that rises sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or tissue damaged. It activates complement and strengthens the phagocytosis of phagocytes to play a regulatory role in clearing the invading body. Pathogenic microorganisms and damaged, necrotic, and apoptotic tissue cells. definition C-reactive protein (CRP) refers to some proteins (acute proteins) that rise sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or tissue damaged. CRP can activate complement and strengthen phagocytosis by phagocytes to play a regulatory role, thereby eliminating pathogenic microorganisms that invade the body and damaged, necrotic, and apoptotic tissue cells , and plays an important protective role in the body’s natural immune process. characteristic CRP is not only a non-specific inflammatory marker, but also directly involved incardiovascular diseases such as inflammation and atherosclerosis , and is the most powerful predictor and risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The interaction between CRP and complement C1q and FcTR enables it to exhibit many biological activities, including host defense response to infection, phagocytosis and regulation of inflammatory response, etc. The combination with damaged cells, apoptotic cells and nuclear antigens also plays an important role in autoimmune diseases. normal value Which detection method is used depends on the conditions of each laboratory and the requirements for sensitivity and specificity. Immunodiffusion, radioimmunoassay, turbidimetry, and enzyme-labeled immunoassay methods all have practical value. Normal value: 800-8000μg/L (immunodiffusion or turbidity method) . Nursing precautions 1. Do not eat greasy or high-protein foods the day before blood drawing , and avoid drinking a lot of alcohol. The ethanol content in the blood will directly affect the test results. 2. After 20:00 on the day before blood collection, you should fast for 12 hours to avoid affecting the test results. 3. When collecting urine specimens for examination, clean the vulva before collecting urine. The container used should be clean and free of contamination. Chemical substances such as detergents, disinfectants, and preservatives should not be mixed to avoid affecting the examination results. 4. Women should prevent leucorrhea from being mixed into urine. Pay attention to expelling part of the urine first, and then collect the specimen, that is, collect the mid-section urine. 5. Urine should be sent for testing immediately after retention to avoid erroneous test results caused by urine retention. Related diseases Malignant myxoma of the left atrium , mucocutaneous lymphaden syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, microscopic polyangiitis , nonspecific systemic necrotizing small vessel vasculitis , pediatric Historian-Johanne syndrome , pediatric Takayasu arteritis , adult still’s disease, rheumatic fever, pediatric pneumonia clinical significance Clinical significance of CRP measurement: (1) The levels of acute inflammation, tissue damage, myocardial infarction , surgical trauma, radiation damage and other diseases increase rapidly within hours after the onset, and tend to increase exponentially. When the disease improves, it quickly drops to normal, and its increase is positively correlated with the degree of infection. The patient’s CRP increases after surgery, and the CRP level should decrease 7 to 10 days after surgery. If CRP does not decrease or increases again, it indicates possible complications such as infection or thromboembolism. (2) CRP is closely related to other inflammatory factors, such as the total number of white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There is a positive correlation with WBC. Plays an active role in the inflammatory response and gives the body non-specific resistance. When a patient’s disease attacks, it can rise earlier than WBC and return to normal quickly, so it has extremely high sensitivity. (3) Help identify types of respiratory infections. CRP can be used for the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections: During bacterial infection, CRP levels increase; while during viral infections, CRP does not increase or is slightly increased. Therefore, the CRP value can help doctors identify the type of respiratory tract infection and be targeted. of medication and treatment. (4) CRP is elevated in patients with malignant tumors . For example, the joint detection of CRP and AFP can be used for the differential diagnosis of liver cancer and benign liver diseases, and can be used to judge the efficacy and prognosis of liver cancer. CRP increases before surgery and decreases after surgery, and its response is not affected by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and corticosteroid treatment, which is helpful to evaluate the progression of the tumor. (5) Assess the severity of acute pancreatitis . When CRP is higher than 250 mg/L, it indicates extensive necrotizing pancreatitis. (6) Using the ultra-sensitive latex enhanced method to measure CRP can improve the sensitivity of the measurement and can be used to predict the risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction .
Calcium carbonate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaCO₃. It is the main component of limestone, marble, etc. Calcium carbonate is usually white crystal, odorless, basically insoluble in water, and easily reacts with acid to release carbon dioxide [1]. It is one of the common substances on the earth. It is found in rocks such as aragonite, calcite, chalk, limestone, marble, and travertine. It is also the main component of some animal bones or shells. Calcium carbonate is also an important building material and is widely used in industry. nature physical properties Calcium carbonate is white fine crystalline powder, tasteless and odorless. There are two forms: amorphous and crystalline. The crystal form can be divided into orthorhombic crystal system and hexagonal crystal system (calcium carbonate anhydrous is colorless orthorhombic crystal, calcium carbonate hexahydrate is colorless monoclinic crystal [4]), columnar or diamond-shaped, with a density of 2.93g/cm 3 . The melting point is 1339°C (decomposed at 825-896.6°C), and the melting point is 1289°C under 10.7MPa. Almost insoluble in water, soluble in water containing ammonium salt or ferric oxide, insoluble in alcohol . material structure Its crystal structure is orthorhombic . Each calcium carbonate molecule consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms, with each oxygen atom linked to a calcium ion. Calcium carbonate is composed of ionic bonds between calcium ions and carbonate ions, and the carbonate ions are internally composed of carbon-oxygen covalent bonds. Among them, carbonate belongs to sp2 hybridization, and the central carbon atom has 3 orbitals and one p orbital. According to the VSEPR model, it is an AY3 type molecule. Its VSEPR ideal model is a planar triangle, and there are 3 CO bonds in the molecule that form a planar triangle; in addition, It also has a 4-orbital 6-electron pp large bond [6]. In a crystal, calcium carbonate molecules are arranged in a layered structure parallel to the a- and c-axes. These layers are interconnected by coplanar oxygen atoms and form a three-dimensional network structure. This structure gives calcium carbonate high stability and hardness. Classification According to the different production methods of calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate can be divided into heavy calcium carbonate, light calcium carbonate, colloidal calcium carbonate and crystalline calcium carbonate. According to the average particle size (d) of calcium carbonate powder, calcium carbonate can be divided into particulate calcium carbonate (d>5μm), micronized calcium carbonate (1-5μm), fine calcium carbonate (0.1-1μm), ultrafine calcium carbonate Calcium (0.02-0.1μm) ultrafine calcium carbonate (d≤0.02μm). Calcium carbonate can be divided into crystalline calcium carbonate and amorphous calcium carbonate based on the regular arrangement of the atoms and ions that make up calcium carbonate. In addition, there are nano calcium carbonate and so on. heavy calcium carbonate Heavy calcium carbonate (commonly known as heavy calcium) is produced by directly crushing natural calcite, limestone, chalk, shells, etc. using mechanical methods (Raymond mill or other high-pressure mill). Light calcium carbonate Light calcium carbonate (commonly known as light calcium), also known as precipitated calcium carbonate, is made by calcining raw materials such as limestone to produce lime (the main component is calcium oxide) and carbon dioxide, and then adding water to digest the lime to produce lime milk (the main component is calcium hydroxide). Then carbon dioxide is introduced to carbonize the lime milk to form calcium carbonate precipitate, which is finally obtained by dehydration, drying and crushing. Or first use sodium carbonate and calcium chloride to perform a metathesis reaction to generate calcium carbonate precipitate, and then make it through dehydration, drying and pulverization. colloidal calcium carbonate Colloidal calcium carbonate, also known as activated calcium carbonate, modified calcium carbonate, surface-treated calcium carbonate, colloidal calcium carbonate or Baiyanhua, referred to as live calcium, is a surface modification of light calcium carbonate or heavy calcium carbonate using a surface modifier. Made by sex. Since calcium carbonate modified by surface modifiers generally has a reinforcing effect, which is the so-called “activity”, it is customary to call modified calcium carbonate active calcium carbonate. Properties: Colloidal calcium carbonate is an extremely fine white powder, odorless and tasteless. The particles are approximately spherical and the particle size is less than 0.1um. Because a layer of fatty soap is adsorbed on the surface of the particles, it has colloidal activation properties and is an excellent white reinforcing filler. . Dissolved in water, it decomposes when exposed to acid and turns into burnt black when burned, releasing carbon dioxide and generating calcium oxide. The proportion is 1.99~2.01. crystalline calcium carbonate Calcium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to generate calcium chloride, which is decolorized by activated carbon and impurities are removed. The calcium chloride is carbonated with carbon dioxide in the presence of ammonia water to obtain calcium carbonate, which is then crystallized, separated, washed, dehydrated, dried, and screened. be made of. Properties: Pure white, hexagonal crystalline powder. Specific volume 1.2 ~ 1.4 ml/g. Soluble in acid, almost insoluble in water. [7] Usage: Used in toothpaste, medicine, etc., and can also be used as insulation material and preparation of other chemical raw materials. Nano calcium carbonate Nano calcium carbonate (ultrafine calcium carbonate) has a particle size between 1-100nm and is a newly developed powder material in the 1980s. It is an excellent inorganic filler. When used in plastics, it has good affinity with resin and can effectively increase or adjust the rigidity, toughness and bending strength of the material. It can also improve the rheological properties of the plastic processing system, reduce the plasticizing temperature, and improve the product’s dimensional stability, heat resistance and Surface smoothness; in rubber systems such as NR, BR, SBR, it is easy to mix and disperse evenly, and can make the gum soft, and can also improve the extrusion processing performance and mold fluidity. It makes rubber products have a smooth surface and elongation It has the characteristics of large rate, high tensile strength, small permanent deformation, good bending resistance and high tear resistance. [10]Compared with ordinary calcium carbonate, nano-calcium carbonate has a special crystal structure, surface electronic structure, and excellent quantum size effect and surface effect. It is widely used in chemical industry, catalysis, optics, magnetism, electricity and other fields [11]. However, nanometer calcium carbonate is easy to aggregate and its surface is hydrophilic and oleophobic, which limits its application in organisms. Industrial applications Calcium carbonate is the trade name of limestone, a valuable resource with a wide range of uses as a mineral raw material. Limestone has been widely used in the history of human civilization because of its wide distribution in nature and easy access. As an important building material, it has a long history of mining. In modern industry, limestone is the main raw material for manufacturing cement, lime, and calcium carbide. It is an indispensable flux limestone in the metallurgical industry. After ultra-fine grinding, high-quality limestone is widely used It is used in the manufacturing of paper, rubber, paint, coating, medicine, cosmetics, feed, sealing, bonding, polishing and other products. According to incomplete statistics, the ratio of limestone consumed in cement production to the sum of building stones, lime production, metallurgical fluxes, and ultrafine calcium carbonate is 1:3. Limestone is a non-renewable resource. With the continuous advancement of science and technology and the development of nanotechnology, the application fields of limestone will be further expanded.
Bonding agent is one of the most important auxiliary materials and is widely used in packaging operations. Adhesives are sticky substances that join two separate materials together by their viscosity . There are many types of adhesives. Introduction Adhesive is actually a general term for various stress materials that connect or fit the same or different materials. There are three main types: liquid, paste and solid. Classification There are many types of adhesives, which can usually be classified as follows: Material source points ①Natural adhesive It is derived from substances found in nature. Including starch , protein, dextrin , animal glue , shellac, hide glue, rosin and other biological adhesives; also includes mineral adhesives such as asphalt . ②Synthetic adhesive Mainly refers to artificially synthesized substances, including inorganic adhesives such as water glass, and organic adhesives such as synthetic resin and synthetic rubber . Use characteristics ①Water-soluble adhesive Adhesives that use water as solvent mainly include starch, dextrin, polyvinyl alcohol , carboxymethyl cellulose , etc. ②Hot melt adhesive It is a solid adhesive that is melted by heating. General thermoplastic resins can be used, such as polyurethane, polystyrene, polyacrylate , ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, etc. ③Solvent -based adhesive An adhesive that is insoluble in water but soluble in a certain solvent. Such as shellac, butyl rubber , etc. ④Emulsion type adhesive Most of them are suspended in water, such as vinyl acetate resin , acrylic resin, chlorinated rubber , etc. ⑤Solvent-free liquid adhesive It is in the form of viscous liquid at room temperature, such as epoxy resin, etc. The adhesive is the medium between the label material and the bonding substrate and plays a connecting role. According to its characteristics, it can be divided into two types: permanent and removable. It comes in a variety of formulas, suitable for different surface materials and different occasions. Adhesive is the most important component in self-adhesive material technology and the key to label application technology. According to raw materials 1 MS modified silane Modified silane polymer ends with methoxysilane. It was invented by Zhongyuan Group in 1978. The company is the only supplier of modified silane raw materials in the world. On this basis, Belgium Novan Technology has continued R&D and innovation. Produces a series of high-quality sealants and adhesives used in construction, industry, automobile transportation, civil use, etc. 2 polyurethane The full name of polyurethane is polyurethane, which is a general term for macromolecular compounds containing repeating urethane groups on the main chain. It is formed by the addition polymerization of organic diisocyanate or polyisocyanate and dihydroxy or polyhydroxy compounds . 3 silicone Silicones, commonly known as silicone oil or dimethyl silicone oil, have the molecular formula : (CH3)3SiO(CH3)2SiOnSi(CH3)3. They are polymers of organic silicon oxides and are a series of polydimethylsiloxanes with different molecular weights. , the viscosity increases as the molecular weight increases. According to packaging materials ①Paper-based material adhesive Mainly including original (natural) starch, dextrin, casein and current chemically synthesized and environmentally friendly various water-based latex, etc. Widely used in color boxes, cigarette packs, paper bags, gift boxes, hardcover boxes and various handmade boxes, as well as wooden furniture. ②Plastic adhesive Mainly include solvent-based adhesives such as styrene-butadiene rubber, polyurethane, nitrocellulose, and polyvinyl acetate; water-soluble adhesives such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer; and emulsion-based adhesives such as vinyl acetate resin and acrylic resin. Adhesives; hot melt adhesives composed of thermoplastic resins such as polystyrene, polyurethane, polyacrylate, etc. ③Wood adhesive It mainly includes animal glues such as bone glue, leather glue, kelp glue, casein, and blood glue; it also includes synthetic resin glues such as phenolic resin glue, polyvinyl acetate resin glue, and urea -formaldehyde resin glue; and it also includes plant glues such as soybean gum. Adhesives and adhesives are a general term for non-metallic materials that can bond one solid surface to another solid surface due to surface bonding and internal forces (adhesion and cohesion, etc.). According to use ①Industrial adhesives It is mainly used in color printing packaging , architectural decoration and wooden furniture to achieve the connection and compounding of things. ②Adhesives for agriculture and forestry It is mainly used for slope greening or other soil structure improvement, which can make the soil form a granular structure and achieve the effect of moisture conservation. At the same time, it can enhance the water permeability of the soil, prevent soil loss caused by surface runoff, improve soil permeability, conserve soil and fertilizer, alleviate and regulate soil water evaporation, and allow crops to grow better. formula Starch binder is a mixture of water, raw starch, cooked paste, caustic soda, borax and formaldehyde . The approximate proportion is: water 80%; starch 20% (raw starch accounts for 85%, cooked starch accounts for 15%); caustic Sodium (total amount of starch) 2.4-2.8%; Borax (total amount of starch) 2.7-3.2%, about 10 moles; trace amounts of formaldehyde. Most of the starch used by some carton factories in the United States is corn starch . Some are untreated pure corn flour, while others have been chemically treated , especially the treated special starch, which has good stable viscosity and excellent water-containing properties. Some starches are powdery and some are granular. The granules are just loose lumps surrounded by powder, which are used in the batter to prepare the entire batch of paste. Some factories use specially treated corn starch to manufacture a single-viscosity adhesive whose gelling point starts at 61°C and ends at 63°C. Although the gelation point is low, the adhesive gels quickly like a general double-sided machine paste during bonding. The viscosity is usually between 27 and 32 seconds. 500 kg of starch is used for 680 gallons of paste. After the starch is stirred in normal temperature water, its particles are dispersed into a milky state, but it will not dissolve or absorb water. If you stop stirring, the starch will settle at the bottom and gradually form hard lumps. Once the hard lumps are formed, it will not be easy to disperse. Starch dispersed in water begins to absorb water and expand when heated. Raw starch is used in the adhesive formulation and begins to swell at approximately 70°C. When the temperature rises to 90°C, the expansion is completed. Gelatinized starch is very viscous, depending on the amount of starch in the water. Raw material process Borax Borax is also available in powder and granular forms, with fine-grained borax being the best. Borax comes in two grades based on strength. There are 10 water molecules in 10 moles of borax, which is called grade 10 water borax. There are 5 water molecules in 5 moles of borax, which is called grade 5 water borax. 5 moles of borax is a higher concentration. 0.35 kg of 5 moles of borax is equivalent to 0.454 kg of 10 moles of borax. If the same amount of two types of borax is used incorrectly, the consequences will be serious. If borax is added to an emulsion of raw starch and water and the mixture is heated, the starch will expand rapidly after absorbing water and become more viscous than without borax. There is a certain limit to the amount of borax added, otherwise it will affect the expansion of starch, and the gelatinized paste will become brittle and appear in a powdery state when dry. Caustic soda only needs to contain 76% sodium oxide and is commercial grade without additives. It can be used in the form of crumbs, granules or flakes. The composition is equivalent to 98% sodium hydroxide. Caustic soda absorbs moisture from the air which reduces its strength. Therefore, if the packaging barrel is damaged, it should not be used. After opening the lid to collect materials, the lid should be closed tightly immediately. caustic soda Caustic soda is a strong alkali that can cause severe burns to the skin in its dry state or when dissolved in water. Wear a face mask and rubber gloves when handling caustic soda, and keep a bottle of vinegar handy for immediate treatment of caustic soda-contaminated skin. Caustic soda will smoke when dissolved in water. Do not inhale the smoke as it is poisonous. Caustic soda is added to the emulsion of raw starch and water, and the mixture is heated to reduce the temperature at which starch swells and gelatinizes. According to this characteristic, the amount of caustic soda added can be used to precisely control the temperature of starch expansion and gelatinization. However, adding too much will cause the gelatinized particles to split, reduce the viscosity, and cause the raw starch in the paste to gelatinize in advance. formaldehyde Formaldehyde is in the state of 37% aqueous solution and is measured according to the volume or wet weight specified in the formula. Formaldehyde is commonly used in adhesives for corrosion protection. It is used as a chemical cross-linking agent in some waterproof adhesive formulations. You must wear protective equipment when handling formaldehyde, because formaldehyde is a strong irritant to the eyes and skin, so inhalation should be avoided. water resistant adhesive The difference between water-resistant adhesives and ordinary adhesives is that they usually contain more raw starch, less caustic soda, and no or very little borax. Of course, water-resistant adhesives add a certain amount of waterproofing agent . There are many waterproofing agents that can be used, all of which are water-soluble resins. After this type of resin is chemically cross-linked with formaldehyde , it will become an adhesive that is insoluble in water and has certain water resistance when heated on the paste line . Most water-resistant adhesives have a limited lifespan. Some gradually thicken over time, even under stirring conditions. Some machines have good operating performance, but their water resistance is greatly reduced. Therefore, the adhesive must be used as soon as possible after it is prepared. water based Mainly through the surface absorption of moisture to complete drying or bonding. The raw solid starch in the adhesive gelatinizes on the paste line and absorbs moisture. Bonding time ranges from a few seconds to about a minute. Moisture is gradually absorbed by the surrounding air and paper fibers. This traditional form of adhesive is typically used on corrugated cardboard production lines and provides an immediate, strong bond. In order to achieve a satisfactory bonding effect, a slightly viscous suspoemulsion containing pregelatinized starch must be added to the starch and water emulsion. This kind of suspoemulsion can suspend raw starch in water and prevent it from settling; increase the concentration so that it can be carried by the rubber roller and form a paste film of appropriate thickness on the roller; adjust the viscosity so that the paper fibers are properly moistened and initially adhered; ensure that the raw starch is properly wetted and initially adhered; There is a large amount of water around the starch molecules so that the starch can expand to the maximum extent and completely gelatinize when heated; caustic soda must be added to adjust and control the gelatinization temperature of the starch until it is as low as possible. In order to achieve a satisfactory bonding effect, borax must be added to make the raw starch absorb all available water when heated; to produce appropriate viscosity and toughness when the starch is gelatinized; to act as a buffer to prevent caustic soda from Part of the raw starch is expanded below the minimum gelatinization temperature.
Acid dyes refer to dye molecules containing acidic groups, also known as anionic dyes, which can be combined with amino groups in protein fiber molecules through ionic bonds and are suitable under acidic, weakly acidic or neutral conditions. Mainly azo and anthraquinone structures, a few are aromatic methane structures. Dyes and colors are generally compounds that have their own color and can make other substances obtain bright and firm colors in a molecular or dispersed state. Introduction Acid dyes have a complete chromatogram and bright colors. The light fastness and wet processing fastness vary greatly with different dye varieties. Compared with direct dyes, acid dyes have a simple structure and lack long conjugated double bonds and a co-planar structure. Therefore, they lack directness to cellulose fibers and cannot be used for dyeing cellulose fibers. Different types of acid dyes have different dyeing properties due to different molecular structures, and the dyeing methods used are also different. Classification Acid dyes are divided into strong acid, weak acid, acid medium, acid complex dye, etc. according to their chemical structure and dyeing conditions. Strong acid dye The earliest developed acid dye requires dyeing in a strong acid dye bath. Its molecular structure is simple, its molecular weight is low, it contains sulfonic acid groups or carboxyl groups, and it has little affinity for wool. It can move evenly on wool and dye it. It is evenly dyed, so it is also called acid leveling dye, but the shade is not deep, the washing fastness is poor, and the wool is damaged during dyeing, and the wool after dyeing has a poor feel. Such as acid red G (ie CI acid red 1). Weak acid dye In strong acid dyes, weak acid dyes can be generated by increasing the molecular weight, introducing groups such as aryl sulfone groups, or introducing long carbon chains. The molecular structure is more complex and has a greater affinity for wool. It can dye wool in a weakly acidic medium without damaging the wool. The color is darker and the fastness is improved, but it is not evenly dyed. Such as weakly acidic brilliant blue RAW (ie CI acid blue 80). acid mordant dye Acid dyes that form metal complexes on fabrics after treatment with certain metal salts (such as chromium salts, copper salts, etc.) as mordants. The procedures for mordant dyeing are complicated, but dyes with better properties such as light fastness, washing fastness, and rubbing fastness can be obtained, such as acid mordant black T (ie, CI mordant black 11). acid complex dyes It is formed by complexing certain acid dyes with metals such as chromium and cobalt. It is soluble in water, and its dyeing products have excellent lightfastness and lightfastness. Its dye parent is similar to acid mordant dye, but when preparing the dye, metal atoms have been introduced into the azo dye molecules. The ratio of metal atoms to dye molecules is 1:1, so it is also called 1:1 metal complex dye . No need to use mordant when dyeing. Such as acid complex yellow GR (ie CI acid yellow 99). Another type of acidic complex dye molecules does not contain sulfonic acid groups, but contains hydrophilic groups such as sulfonylamino groups. The ratio of metal atoms to dye molecules in the molecule is 1:2, so it is also called 1:2 metal complex dye . It dyes in neutral or slightly acidic medium, so it is called neutral dye . Such as neutral gray 2BL (ie CI acid black 60). Acid dyes include azo type, anthraquinone type, triarylmethane type, etc., but most of them are azo dyes . The production of acid complex dyes is similar to that of general dyes, but a metal complexing process must be added. For example, neutral gray 2BL is first diazotized with 2-aminophenol-4-sulfonamide , and then combined with 1-acetamido-7 -Naphthol coupling, and then complexing with sodium chromium salicylate.
The carburetor is a mechanical device that mixes a certain proportion of gasoline and air under the vacuum generated by the engine’s operation. As a precision mechanical device, the carburetor uses the kinetic energy of the inhaled air flow to atomize gasoline. Its important role in the engine can be called the “heart” of the engine. The complete device should include starting device, idle device, medium load device, full load device and acceleration device. The carburetor will automatically proportion the corresponding concentration and output the corresponding amount of mixed gas according to the different working conditions of the engine. In order to make the mixed gas mixture evenly mixed, the carburetor also has the function of atomizing the fuel. effect for the machine to operate normally. Classification Carburetors are divided into simple carburetors and complex carburetors. Carburetors can also be divided into downdraft and flat-draft types. Carburetors can be divided into rotary type and lift type based on the type of throttle valve. The rotary throttle is a disc-shaped throttle that rotates around an axis between the carburetor throat and the intake pipe to change the flow area of the intake duct. The lift-type throttle is constructed as a barrel-shaped plate-shaped throttle, which moves up and down at the throat to change the channel area at the throat. This form is often used in motorcycle carburetors. There is also a type of carburetor that is a hybrid form of the two. The rotary throttle is controlled by a human and the lift throttle is controlled by a diaphragm. This is also often used on motorcycles and is called the CV type. Structure A simple carburetor consists of upper, middle and lower parts. The upper part has the air inlet and float chamber, the middle part has the throat, measuring hole and nozzle, and the lower part has the throttle valve, etc. The float chamber is a rectangular container that stores gasoline from the gasoline pump. There is a float in the container that uses the height of the floating surface (oil surface) to control the amount of fuel. The oil inlet at one end of the middle nozzle is connected to the measuring hole of the float chamber, and the oil outlet at the other end is at the throat of the throat. Principle A carburetor is essentially a tube with an adjustable plate in the middle called a throttle plate that controls the flow of air through the tube. There is a constriction in the tube called a venturi where a vacuum is created. This constriction has a measuring hole through which fuel can be sucked in using a vacuum. Atmospheric pressure spreads from high pressure to low pressure. When the piston of a two-stroke engine is at top dead center (or the piston of a four-stroke engine is at bottom dead center), a low pressure develops under the piston in the crankcase (above the piston on a four-stroke engine). At the same time, this low pressure will also cause low pressure in the carburetor. Because the pressure outside the engine and carburetor is higher, air will rush into the carburetor and into the engine until the pressures equalize. The air flowing through the carburetor will carry the fuel, which will then mix with the air. Inside the carburetor is a section of pipe. The throat is the constriction inside the carburetor that forces air to accelerate through it. A river that suddenly narrows can be used to illustrate what happens inside a carburetor. The water in the river will speed up as it approaches a narrowing bank, and even faster if the bank narrows continuously. If the same thing happens inside the carburetor, the accelerated flow of air will cause the air pressure inside the carburetor to decrease. The gasoline enters the carburetor from the fuel tank through the gasoline filter. The gasoline filter can filter out the impurities mixed in the gasoline and the oxide scale in the fuel tank. If the filter quality is defective, some impurities may still enter the carburetor through the filter. In addition, gasoline contains ingredients that can form colloid. After long-term deposition, colloid will condense and adhere to the parts of the carburetor (such as measuring holes), oil passages and the surface of the float chamber. The air enters the carburetor through the air filter. Considering that the air intake resistance cannot be too large and other factors, the filter device cannot be too dense, so some tiny impurities in the air will still enter the carburetor through the air filter. If the filter quality is defective, it will cause more serious effects. Many parts that make up the carburetor oil passage and air passage, such as the main metering hole, idle speed metering hole, main air metering hole, idle air metering hole, main foam tube, etc., all have holes with very small inner diameters (the inner diameter is 0.3 ~1.5mm), the gasoline impurities, colloids and impurities in the air that enter the carburetor will often change or block these pore diameters, causing the carburetor air passage and oil passage to be blocked and the carburetor supply Changes in oil properties may even cause carburetor performance failure. Maintain The normal maintenance of the carburetor is actually to maintain the cleanliness of the carburetor when it leaves the factory. This is controlled as a key indicator of carburetor quality assessment by professional carburetor manufacturers, who use various advanced equipment and processes to Every aspect of production is strictly controlled. Therefore, in order to ensure the normal use of the carburetor, attention must be paid to normal maintenance of the carburetor: clean the carburetor regularly, keep the oil passage and air passage of the carburetor clean, and keep the small holes unobstructed. This is also very important to extend the service life of the carburetor. Many carburetor performance problems can be solved by cleaning the carburetor regularly.
Car seat belts are safety devices designed to restrain the occupants during a collision and to prevent secondary collisions between the occupants and the steering wheel and instrument panel, or to prevent the occupants from rushing out of the car during a collision, resulting in death or injury. Car seat belts, also known as seat belts, are a type of passenger restraint device. Car seat belts are recognized as the cheapest and most effective safety devices. Among vehicle equipment, seat belts are mandatory in many countries. Origin Seat belts existed before the invention of automobiles. In 1885, when horse-drawn carriages were commonly used in Europe, seat belts were simply used to prevent passengers from falling off the carriage. By 1910, seat belts began to appear on airplanes. In 1922, sports cars on the racing circuit began to use seat belts. By 1955, Ford cars in the United States began to use seat belts. Generally speaking, the seat belts during this period were mainly two-point seat belts. In 1955, aircraft designer Niels invented the three-point safety belt after working for Volvo Car Company. In 1963, Volvo Car Company began to register Niels’ three-point car seat belt and assemble it on its own cars. In 1968, the United States stipulated that all forward-facing seats in cars must be equipped with seat belts. Developed countries such as Europe and Japan have also successively formulated regulations requiring car occupants to wear seat belts. Structure 1. Webbing Webbing is a belt about 50mm wide and 1.2mm thick made of synthetic fibers such as nylon or polyester. Depending on the purpose, the strength, elongation, etc. required by the safety belt can be achieved through weaving methods and heat treatment. characteristic. It is also the part that absorbs conflicting energies. National regulations have different requirements for the performance of seat belts. 2. The retractor is a device that adjusts the length of the seat belt according to the occupant’s sitting posture, body shape, etc., and retracts the webbing when not in use. Divided into ELR and ALR. 3. Fixing mechanism The fixing mechanism includes buckles, lock tongues, fixing pins and fixing seats, etc. The buckle and tongue are the devices for fastening and unfastening the seat belt. The end of the webbing that is fixed to the body is called a fixing plate, the fixed end of the body is called a fixing seat, and the bolts used for fixing are called fixing bolts. The position of the shoulder safety belt fixing pin has a great impact on the convenience of fastening the safety belt. Therefore, in order to suit passengers of various sizes, an adjustable fixing mechanism is generally used to adjust the position of the shoulder safety belt up and down. Principle The function of the retractor is to store the webbing and lock the webbing from being pulled out. It is the most complex mechanical part in the safety belt. Inside the retractor is a ratchet mechanism. Under normal circumstances, the occupants can freely pull the webbing on the seat at a constant speed. However, once the continuous pulling process of the webbing from the retractor stops or when the vehicle encounters an emergency, the ratchet mechanism will act. The locking action automatically locks the webbing and prevents the webbing from being pulled out. Installation fixings are lugs, plug-ins, bolts, etc. that are connected to the car body or seat components. Their installation position and firmness directly affect the protective effect of the seat belt and the comfort of the occupants. Performance 1. Seat belt design elements Seat belts should be designed to meet the requirements of occupant protection performance, reminder to use seat belts, as well as comfort and convenience. The design means to achieve the above points are the selection of the position of the seat belt adjuster, the specifications of the seat belt and the auxiliary devices used. 2. Occupant protection performance The requirements for the occupant protection performance of car seat belts are as follows: restrain the occupant as early as possible; minimize the pressure on the occupant when restraining; keep the restraint position unchanged so that the restraint force avoids the more vulnerable parts of the human body. As a means to achieve the above goals, the use of the pretensioner and force limiter described above significantly improves the performance in these aspects.
The spark plug is an important component of the gasoline engine ignition system. It can introduce high-voltage electricity into the combustion chamber and cause it to jump across the electrode gap to generate sparks, thereby igniting the combustible mixture in the cylinder. It is mainly composed of wiring nut, insulator, wiring screw, center electrode, side electrode and shell. The side electrode is welded on the shell. Introduction The spark plug, commonly known as the burner, is used to discharge the pulsed high-voltage electricity sent from the high-voltage wire (burner wire), breakdown the air between the two electrodes of the spark plug, and generate electric sparks to ignite the mixed gas in the cylinder. The main types are: quasi-type spark plugs, rim-protruding spark plugs, electrode-type spark plugs, seat-type spark plugs, pole-type spark plugs, surface-flash type spark plugs, etc. The spark plug is installed on the side or top of the engine. The early spark plug was connected to the distributor by the cylinder wire. In the past ten years or so, the engines on cars have basically been changed to the ignition coil directly connected to the spark plug. The working voltage of the spark plug is at least 10,000V. The high-voltage electricity is generated by the ignition coil from 12V electricity and then passed to the spark plug. Structure 1. Steel shell: The lower part of the steel shell is a fine thread, which is used to assemble with the spark plug hole in the cylinder head. The upper part has an external hexagonal nut, which is used to install the spark plug sleeve to tighten or screw out the spark plug. 2. The metal rod is the center electrode. The lower end of the metal rod is in contact with the upper end of the center electrode through the conductor glass body, and the upper end of the metal rod is equipped with a wiring nut. 3. There is a high alumina ceramic insulator between the steel shell and the center electrode to insulate the center electrode when electricity is energized. 4. The lowermost part of the steel shell is equipped with curved side electrodes. 5. There is a copper gasket in the middle of the outside of the steel shell. Principle Under the action of high voltage, the air between the center electrode and the side electrode of the spark plug will quickly ionize, forming positively charged ions and negatively charged free electrons. When the voltage between the electrodes reaches a certain value, the number of ions and electrons in the gas increases like an avalanche, causing the air to lose its insulation, and the gap forms a discharge channel, causing a “breakdown” phenomenon. At this point, the gas forms a luminous body, a “spark”. As it expands due to heat, a “pop” sound also occurs. The temperature of this kind of electric spark can be as high as 2000~3000℃, which is enough to ignite the mixture in the cylinder combustion chamber. Characteristic In spark plug standards, calorific value is usually used to characterize the thermal characteristics of the spark plug. The calorific value of the spark plug represents the balance ability of the spark plug insulator skirt to absorb and dissipate heat. The higher the calorific value. The stronger the balance between heat absorption and heat dissipation, the hot spark plug has a lower calorific value and the cold spark plug has a higher calorific value. Generally, engines with high power and large compression ratio use cold spark plugs with high calorific value; on the contrary, engines with low power and small compression ratio use hot spark plugs with low calorific value. Generally, the selection of spark plugs is determined by the factory through product shaping experiments and should not be replaced at will [7]. Develop With the development of the automobile industry, the performance of spark plugs is also constantly improved to improve the working quality of gasoline engines. For example, to improve the exhaust purification effect, wide gap spark plugs (gap 1.0~1.2mm) are used; to limit the noise of automobile radio waves , developed anti-interference spark plugs, etc. In the past, the service life of spark plugs was very short. Automobile manufacturers stipulated that spark plugs must be inspected or replaced after the car has traveled 3,000km (or 6 months). With the improvement of spark plugs and related ignition devices, coupled with some measures for exhaust purification, the service life of spark plugs has been greatly improved. It is generally stipulated that the spark plug must be inspected or replaced after the car has traveled 10,000km (or every one year). Spark plugs with platinum electrodes have a longer service life and generally do not need to be inspected and replaced within 100,000km of driving.
..Benzene is a highly flammable, aromatic, colorless liquid at room temperature . It is an organic compound and the aromatic hydrocarbon with the simplest structure . Benzene is highly toxic and is also a carcinogen . It is difficult to dissolve in water and has a density less than water. It is easily soluble in organic solvents and can also be used as an organic solvent itself. Benzene is also a basic raw material in the petrochemical industry. The output and technical level of benzene are one of the indicators of the development level of a country’s petrochemical industry. basic introduction Benzene ( C₆H₆ ) organic compound is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the simplest structure . It is a colorless, sweet, oily, transparent liquid at room temperature. Its density is less than that of water and it has a strong special smell. It is flammable, toxic and is an IARC Category 1 carcinogen. Benzene is insoluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents, and can also be used as an organic agent itself. The melting point is 5.5℃ and the boiling point is 80.1℃. If cooled with water, it can condense into colorless crystals. The chemical bond between carbon and carbon is between single bond and double bond, which is called a large π bond. Therefore, it has the properties of saturated hydrocarbon substitution reaction and unsaturated hydrocarbon addition reaction. The properties of benzene are easy to substitute, difficult to oxidize, and difficult to add. Benzene is a basic raw material for petrochemical industry . The output and technical level of benzene production are one of the indicators of the development level of a country’s petrochemical industry. The ring system that benzene has is called a benzene ring, which is the simplest aromatic ring. The structure of a benzene molecule after removing one hydrogen is called a phenyl group, represented by Ph. Therefore benzene can also be expressed as PhH. Basic use Solvent for fats , resins, iodine, etc. Determine the refractive index of minerals. Organic Synthesis. Optically pure solvent. High-pressure liquid chromatography solvent, used as raw material for synthetic dyes, medicines, pesticides , photographic films, and petrochemical products, varnish, thinner for nitrocellulose paint, paint remover , lubricating oil, grease, wax, celluloid, resin , artificial leather and other solvents. It is used as an important raw material for synthetic dyes , synthetic rubber , synthetic resins , synthetic fibers , synthetic grains, plastics , medicines , pesticides , photographic films and petrochemical products. This product has good solubility and is therefore widely used as an adhesive. And industrial solvents such as: varnish, nitrocellulose paint thinner, paint stripper, lubricating oil, grease, wax, celluloid, resin, artificial leather and other solvents. product information Benzene upstream raw materials Nitrogen, diethylene glycol, naphtha, crude oil, tar, platinum, crude benzene, phenanthrene, light benzene, heavy benzene, n-dodecylbenzene, city gas, coumarone-indene resin, hydrogenated gasoline. Benzene downstream products 5-Aldehyde-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid–>Methyl 6-acetamidonicotinate–>N-octyl cyanoacetate–>4,5-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline–>Dichlorophenol bromide Esters–>Sulfachlorpyridazine sodium–>acetoiodobenzoic acid–>Aminoethanol formate heptadecyl carbonate–>1-HEA–>O-chlorophenyl isocyanate–>2- (n-heptanoyl)thiophene–>Isonicotinoyl acetate ethyl ester–>2-pyrazinecarbonyl chloride–>Isocyanate-3-fluorophenyl ester–>2-chloro-4-amino-6-methyl Pyrimidine–>Isocyanate–>1-Bromo-1-phenyl-2-propanone–>2-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate–>2-Fluorophenyl isocyanate–>p-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate –>p-Fluorophenyl isocyanate–>Ethyl 5-tert-butylindole-2-carboxylate–>tert-amylbenzene–>m-nitrobenzoyl chloride–>BUTYL-mercapto n-Butyl propionate–>Octyl phenyl ketone–>4-benzoylbutyric acid–>3-bromopropionitrile–>3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-methoxy -2H-Azepine–>4-amino-3-chloropyridine–>Pesticide synergist–>Phenylmercuric nitrate–>2-acetamido-5-methylpyridine–>1,3- Dimethyl-2-(2-thiophene)imidazolidine–>xylose isomerase–>isobutyrophenone–>cyclohexylphenylmethanone–>2,5-dimethyl-3- Hexyne-2,5-diol poisoning symptoms (1) Mild poisoning ; patients feel dizziness , headache, dizziness, inebriation, confusion, unsteady steps, and sometimes drowsiness, numbness of hands and feet, and blurred vision . Digestive system symptoms may include nausea and vomiting. Mild irritation symptoms of mucous membranes such as tearing, sore throat or coughing. Patients with mild poisoning can generally improve gradually in a short period of time without any sequelae after being removed from the scene and receiving prompt symptomatic treatment. (2) Severe poisoning: In addition to the above neurological symptoms, patients may also suffer from delirium, tremors, coma, tonic convulsions and other symptoms. In extremely severe cases, death may occur due to paralysis of the respiratory center. A small number of patients may have arrhythmia symptoms such as myocardial ischemia or I-II degree atrioventricular block . Regardless of mild or severe poisoning, symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction may occur, such as excessive sweating, tachycardia or bradycardia , and blood pressure fluctuations. These symptoms lasted for about 1 week and then gradually disappeared. A small number of patients experience hypoesthesia on the skin of the distal limbs, which can be restored after treatment. This situation is often caused by the paint used in the decoration materials being seriously unqualified, so be careful.
..Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda , caustic soda , fire soda , and caustic soda , is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula of NaOH and a relative molecular weight of 39.9970. Sodium hydroxide is highly alkaline and highly corrosive. It can be used as acid neutralizer, masking agent, precipitant, precipitation masking agent, color developer, saponification agent, peeling agent, detergent, etc. It has a wide range of uses. Physical and chemical properties physical properties Density: 2.130 g/cm³ Melting point: 318.4℃(591K) Boiling point: 1390 ℃ (1663 K) Vapor pressure: 24.5mmHg (25°C) Saturated vapor pressure: 0.13 Kpa (739℃) Appearance: white crystalline powder Solubility: Easily soluble in water, ethanol, and glycerin, insoluble in acetone and ether chemical properties Sodium hydroxide has a corrosive effect on fibers, skin, glass, ceramics, etc. It will release heat when dissolved or diluted with concentrated solutions; neutralization reactions with inorganic acids can also generate a large amount of heat and generate corresponding salts; it can react with metal aluminum and zinc , react with non-metallic boron and silicon to release hydrogen; and undergo disproportionation reactions with halogens such as chlorine, bromine and iodine. It can precipitate metal ions from aqueous solutions into hydroxides; it can cause saponification of oils and generate corresponding sodium salts of organic acids and alcohols. This is the principle of removing oil stains on fabrics. Application areas 1. Used in the production of paper and cellulose pulp; used in the production of soap, synthetic detergents, synthetic fatty acids, and the refining of animal and vegetable oils and fats. 2. Used as cotton desizing agent, scouring agent and mercerizing agent in the textile printing and dyeing industry. 3. Used in the chemical industry to produce borax, sodium cyanide, formic acid, oxalic acid, phenol, etc. It is used in the petroleum industry to refine petroleum products and in oil field drilling muds. 4. It is also used for surface treatment in the production of alumina, metallic zinc and metallic copper, as well as in glass, enamel, tanning, medicine, dyes and pesticides. 5. Food-grade products are used as acid neutralizers in the food industry. They can be used as peeling agents for citrus, peaches, etc., as well as detergents for empty bottles, cans and other containers, as well as decolorizing agents and deodorizing agents. 6. Widely used basic analytical reagents. Prepare standard alkali solution for analysis. Absorbent for small amounts of carbon dioxide and moisture. Neutralization of acids. Sodium salt manufacturing. Widely used in papermaking, chemical industry, printing and dyeing, medicine, metallurgy (aluminum smelting), chemical fiber, electroplating, water treatment, exhaust gas treatment, etc. 7. Used as neutralizing agent, cooperating masking agent, precipitating agent, precipitation masking agent, and chromogenic agent for determination of ketosterols by thin layer analysis. Used for sodium salt preparation and saponification agent. Used for manufacturing various sodium salts, soaps, paper pulp, finishing cotton fabrics, silk, viscose fibers, recycling of rubber products, metal cleaning, electroplating, bleaching, etc. 8. In cosmetic creams, this product and stearic acid act as emulsifiers through saponification, and are used to make creams, shampoos, etc. Safety measures first-aid This product is highly irritating and corrosive. Dust or smoke can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, corrode the nasal septum, and direct contact with the skin and eyes can cause burns; accidental ingestion can cause gastrointestinal burns, mucous membrane erosion, bleeding and shock. Health hazards (blue) 1. Ingestion may cause serious and permanent damage to the digestive system, including mucosal erosion, bleeding, and shock. Treatment method: Rinse mouth immediately when the patient is awake, take diluted vinegar or lemon juice orally, and seek medical attention. 2. Inhalation can irritate the respiratory tract and corrode the nasal septum. Treatment method: Leave the scene to a place with fresh air. Provide artificial respiration and seek medical treatment if necessary. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If the patient inhales or ingests this substance, do not perform artificial respiration using mouth-to-mouth breathing. Use a one-way valve respirator or other appropriate medical respirator. 3. It is dangerous to the skin and can cause symptoms from burns to severe ulcers. Treatment method: Rinse immediately with water for at least 15 minutes. If burns occur, seek medical treatment. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. For small amounts of skin contact, avoid spreading the substance over an area. Keep the patient warm and quiet. Inhalation, ingestion or skin contact may cause delayed reactions. Ensure that medical personnel understand the personal protection knowledge related to this substance and pay attention to their own protection. 4. It is dangerous to the eyes and can cause burns or even damage the cornea or conjunctiva. Treatment: Lift your eyes immediately and wash them with running water or saline for at least 15 minutes, or rinse them with 3% boric acid solution and seek medical attention. engineering control Close operation and pay attention to ventilation. Protective measures Respiratory protection: Wear a respirator mask if necessary. Eye protection: Wear chemical safety glasses. Body protection: Wear work clothes (made of anti-corrosion materials). Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves. Others: After work, shower and change clothes. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
..Protein powder, using purified soy protein . In healthy people, protein deficiency does not occur. Excessive protein intake is not only a waste, but also harmful to human health. Introduction Protein is the most important nutrient to ensure the health of the body . It is necessary to maintain and repair the body and cell growth . It not only affects the growth of body tissues such as muscles, but also participates in the production of hormones, the maintenance of immune function, and the use of other nutrients and oxygen. Transport, hemoglobin production, blood coagulation and many other aspects. General mental workers require 0.8-1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight every day, while high-intensity athletes and bodybuilders require 2-3 times that amount. This is because high-intensity exercise will damage muscle cells to varying degrees. , causing the decomposition of muscle protein. Timely supplementation of protein can reduce the destruction of muscle tissue, promote protein synthesis, and even over-recovery, thereby growing muscles and improving strength. The traditional way of supplementing protein by eating meat often leads to the intake of too much fat, causing an increase in body fat and even affecting cardiovascular health. Children in the growth and development period need a large amount of protein to meet the needs of physical development, and pregnant women need a large amount of protein to produce red blood cells and develop the fetus. However, the traditional supplement method of eating big fish and meat often makes many women still lose weight after giving birth. It cannot be reduced because while they are supplementing protein, they are also supplementing a lot of fat. Patients after surgery and recovering from serious illness also need a large amount of protein to promote recovery and improve immunity. use Protein powder is a nutritional food supplement targeted at specific groups of people. As an amino acid supplement, protein powder can provide essential nutrients due to protein deficiency for young children, the elderly, sports people, pre- and post-operative patients and people losing weight. In addition, people with poor appetite or poor digestion, as well as people who are on a diet to lose weight, and vegetarians may not have enough protein intake. This will not only cause developmental delays in children and affect the body’s water metabolism, but may also lead to low immune function and poor sleep. and anemia and other diseases. In these cases, a high-quality protein powder makes a good supplement. nutritional value Participate in the composition of the body and the metabolism of the body Protein is an important type of nutrient. Its existence is closely related to various activities of life. For example, it participates in the composition and metabolism of the body, participates in the composition and metabolism of genetic information, and also provides heat for the body. The extent to which they can be digested, absorbed and utilized by the human body is also different. There are extremely many types of proteins. Proteins from different food sources can be digested, absorbed and utilized by the human body to different extents. In other words, different types of proteins have different nutritional values. The main factor that determines the nutritional value of proteins is protein. Types and contents of essential amino acids . The amino acid score (AAS) is a commonly used indicator to evaluate the types and contents of essential amino acids in proteins . Healthy people do not need to consume protein powder The “Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents” recommends that the daily protein intake per adult is 65 to 90 grams, or 10% to 12% of total energy to meet metabolic needs. In addition, protein intake varies depending on a person’s age, weight and labor intensity. Children and adolescents during the growth and development period, as well as pregnant or lactating women, generally have higher protein requirements. The main function 1. Supplementary nutritional sources Protein is the main source of nitrogen in the human body . It can not only provide part of the energy consumed, but can also be used to synthesize new tissues. Protein in the adult body accounts for about 17% of body weight, and 3% of protein participates in metabolic renewal every day. Infants , young children, teenagers, pregnant women, and lactating women must not only maintain tissue protein renewal, but also synthesize new tissues. When there is insufficient protein in the body, people’s basic life activities will be affected, which can lead to growth retardation, underweight, and mental retardation in children and adolescents; in adults, fatigue, weight loss, anemia , reduced plasma albumin , and even edema; And can cause menstrual disorders in women. Consuming protein powder can effectively prevent or improve these symptoms. 2. Prevent disease Heart disease is the number one cause of death in Western developed countries. High plasma cholesterol levels are a major cause of heart disease. Animal fat in the diet can increase plasma cholesterol levels and is an important factor in arteriosclerosis and heart disease. Excess saturated fatty acids , cholesterol , and blood cholesterol are directly related to heart disease. Reducing plasma cholesterol also reduces the risk of heart disease. In 1982, scientists from many countries conducted comparative experiments in Italy and Switzerland on patients with high cholesterol using soy protein to replace animal protein. The results showed that consuming 50 grams of soy protein per day reduced their total plasma cholesterol by 20%. This study proved that soy protein It can reduce the adverse effects of blood lipids and cholesterol on the heart in patients with high cholesterol. In the United States, doctors recommend that heart patients eat soy protein before taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Because soy protein is neither a drug (no toxic side effects) and cheap, it can effectively prevent heart disease without any side effects. 3. Reduce the burden on the kidneys Kidney disease is a common long-term complication of diabetes , with more than 20% of diabetic patients suffering from impaired kidney function . Ingesting animal protein will increase the burden on the kidneys, leading to aggravation of the condition. Soy protein can prevent and reduce the damage of animal protein to the kidneys by lowering plasma cholesterol levels. Through observation of the dietary treatment of patients with kidney disease, it is found that replacing animal protein with soy protein has the best effect, and patients with kidney disease are also willing to accept foods containing soy protein. For people For special people in need, in addition to supplementing essential amino acids through food, protein powder can be appropriately selected as a protein supplement, but the amount of protein powder must be paid attention to. After protein is digested and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, it needs to be processed by the liver and converted into the body’s own substances for use by the body. At the same time, nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia, urea , and creatinine , the products of protein metabolism in the body, need to be excreted by the kidneys. If a person eats too much protein, it will increase the burden on the liver and kidneys and have adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, more protein is not always better . Use with caution 1. Patients with liver disease should use with caution Due to obstacles in the liver’s processing and utilization of protein, protein intake should be appropriately increased. However, for patients with hepatic coma and advanced cirrhosis, supplying too much protein will increase the burden on the liver and aggravate the condition, so animal protein should be limited . And because its metabolism in the body will produce more ammonia, which can induce or aggravate hepatic coma, so these patients can choose some plant proteins rich in branched chain amino acids , especially soy protein . Because branched-chain amino acids are mainly metabolized in muscles, they have a protective effect on liver function. 2. Children under three years old should not eat it Newborns should not consume protein powder. The best nutrition for babies is breast milk. If the child cannot eat breast milk due to various reasons, he should choose formula milk powder corresponding to the month or age instead of protein powder, because the protein composition of the latter is not suitable for young children and is not conducive to the child’s digestion and absorption. It is likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea or allergies in the future. 3. Gout patients should choose carefully Consume protein powder with soy protein as the main ingredient. Because the purine in soybeans can cause an increase in uric acid in the body, causing or exacerbating gout. However, some brands of soy protein powder have undergone special processing to reduce the purine content. 4. Special patients should seek medical advice before consumption. The protein contained in protein powder is of high quality. It is decomposed by the liver in the body and then synthesized into the body’s own tissue components. Its metabolites are excreted in the urine through the kidneys. Patients with existing liver, kidney disease and other serious diseases may increase the burden on their organs after taking protein powder. Therefore, before taking protein powder, you should seek the advice of your doctor before deciding whether to consume it. If you want to increase your protein powder consumption, you should also listen to your doctor’s advice.
..Ilmenite is an oxide mineral of iron and titanium, also known as titanium magnetite . It is the main ore for refining titanium. Ilmenite is heavy, gray to black, with a bit of a metallic sheen . The crystals are generally plate-shaped, and the crystals are grouped together into blocks or granules. The composition is FeTiO 3 . TiO 2 content is 52.66%, which is the main mineral for extracting titanium and titanium dioxide . Trigonal crystal system. In the Panzhihua iron ore in Sichuan, China, ilmenite is distributed between magnetite particles or in cracks , forming large deposits. The chemical composition of ilmenite is related to the conditions of formation. Ilmenite produced in ultrabasic rocks and basic rocks has a high MgO content and basically does not contain Nb and Ta; ilmenite produced in alkaline rocks has a high MnO content and contains Nb and Ta; Ilmenite in acidic rocks has high FeO and MnO contents, and relatively high Nb and Ta contents. type Ilmenite is often used as an accessory mineral, or is dispersed in magnetite in basic and ultrabasic rocks into strips and flakes, and is symbiotic with enstatite , plagioclase, etc. Pegmatite ilmenite is produced in granitic pegmatite and is symbiotic with microcline feldspar , muscovite , quartz, magnetite, etc. Ilmenite is often concentrated in alkaline rocks . Due to its stable chemical properties , it can form alluvial placers, symbiotic with magnetite, rutile , zircon , monazite, etc. It can be distinguished from hematite or magnetite according to its crystal shape , streaks and weak magnetism. Ilmenite is the most important titanium ore mineral. Development History Titanium can also form many compounds, which also have various special properties and uses. For example, titanium dioxide is a snow-white powder. It is the best white pigment, commonly known as ” titanium white “. 1 gram of titanium dioxide can cover more than 450 square meters. Centimeter area is painted white. The amount of titanium dioxide used as white pigment in the world reaches hundreds of thousands tons per year. If titanium dioxide is added to paper, it can make the paper white and opaque. Therefore, titanium dioxide is sometimes added to make paper for banknotes and art. In addition, in order to lighten the color of plastic and soften the luster of rayon, sometimes it is also added. To add titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is known as the whitest thing in the world. Most of the titanium in nature is in a dispersed state, mainly forming the minerals ilmenite TeTiO 3 and rutile TiO 2 , as well as vanadium ilmenite, etc. The Panzhihua area of Sichuan Province in my country is extremely rich in vanadium-ilmenite ore, with reserves of approximately 1.5 billion tons. So, how was titanium discovered? In 1791, British scientist Gregor found a kind of ore-black magnetic sand in the suburbs of Minahan. Through research on this ore, he believed that there was a new chemical element in the ore. And named this new element after the place where the ore was found, ” Minahan “. Four years later, the German chemist Klaplot discovered this new element from a red ore in Buynik, Hungary. He named it after the “Tai Dan” tribe in Greek mythology (Chinese according to its original text The transliteration of the name, named titanium), Klaplot also specifically pointed out that the new element “Minahan” discovered by Gregor was titanium, but what was found at that time was actually powdered titanium dioxide instead of Titanium metal. It was not until 1910 that the American chemist Handel produced titanium metal with a purity of 99.9% for the first time, but the total was less than 1 gram. It took 120 years from the discovery of titanium to the preparation of titanium metal. It was not until 1947 that people began to smelt titanium in factories, with an annual output of only 2 tons at that time. By 1955, production surged to 20,000 tons. By 1972, annual output reached 200,000 tons. Titanium’s uses are becoming more and more widespread and people are paying more and more attention to it. People call it the steel of the future and the metal of the 21st century. Industrial applications Pure titanium is a silver-white metal. Titanium minerals are widely distributed in nature, accounting for about 0.6% of the crust’s weight, second only to aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and more abundant in the earth’s crust than copper, tin, manganese and zinc. Several times or even dozens of times. The melting point of titanium is 1725°C. Its main characteristics are low density and high strength. Compared with steel, its density is only equivalent to 57% of steel, while its strength and hardness are similar to steel. Compared with aluminum, although the density of aluminum is smaller than that of titanium, its mechanical strength is very poor. Therefore, titanium combines the advantages of steel (high strength) and aluminum (lightweight). Pure titanium has good plasticity, its toughness is twice that of pure iron , and its heat resistance and corrosion resistance are also very good. Because of these advantages, titanium has become a prominent rare metal since the 1950s. Titanium and its alloys were first used in the manufacture of aircraft, rockets, missiles, ships, etc., and then began to be promoted in the chemical and petroleum sectors. For example, in the manufacturing of supersonic aircraft , because the surface temperature of such aircraft is high when flying at high speeds, aluminum alloys or stainless steels have lost their original properties at this temperature, while titanium alloys still maintain good performance above 550°C. Mechanical properties , so it can be used to build high-speed aircraft exceeding 3 times the speed of sound. The amount of titanium used in this kind of aircraft accounts for 95% of the total weight of its structure, so it is called “titanium aircraft”. About half of the world’s titanium is used to make important parts of aircraft bodies and jet engines . In the atomic energy industry, titanium is used to manufacture the main parts of nuclear reactors . In the chemical industry, titanium is mainly used to manufacture various containers, reactors , heat exchangers , pipes, pumps and valves, etc. If titanium is added to stainless steel, only about one percent is added, which greatly improves the rust resistance.
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