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Titanium dioxide, also known as titania, commonly exists in three different crystal structures: anatase, rutile, and brookite.
1. Rutile: This is the most common and stable form of titanium dioxide and is often used in pigments due to its high refractive index. Its crystal structure is tetragonal, with two titanium atoms and four oxygen atoms per unit cell.
2. Anatase: This form of titanium dioxide is less stable than rutile but often preferred for use in photocatalysis due to its unique electronic properties. The crystal structure of anatase is also tetragonal but with smaller unit cells than rutile.
3. Brookite: Brookite is the least common form of the three and has an orthorhombic crystal system. This form is rarely used commercially and not as well as studied as rutile and anatase.
Each of these crystal structures affects the physical and chemical properties of titanium dioxide. For example, rutile has a higher density and hardness than anatase, while anatase is considered superior for photocatalytic applications. Additionally, the crystal structure can also influence the band gap energy of titanium dioxide, affecting its interaction with light.
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