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Titanium dioxide occurs in nature in three different crystalline phases: rutile, anatase, and brookite.
1. Rutile: This is the most stable and common form of titanium dioxide. The rutile phase crystal structure is tetragonal, with the titanium atoms occupying the corners of the unit cell. It is widely used in many applications due to its high refractive index, hardness, and brightness.
2. Anatase: This phase of titanium dioxide is less stable and less common than the rutile form. The anatase crystal structure is also tetragonal, but the titanium atoms are less densely packed. Anatase is often used in photocatalytic applications and as a pigment in paints due to its white color and optical performance.
3. Brookite: This is the least common and least stable phase of titanium dioxide. The brookite crystal structure is orthorhombic, with the titanium atoms occupying more irregular positions. Brookite is rarely used in industrial applications due to its difficult synthesis and transformation to other phases at high temperatures.
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